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All shades of the representative Actions Directive on protection of the Collective Interest of Consumers authored
I am pleased to share my article published in ThoughtLeaders4 Competition Magazine (Issue 11, November 2025). It examines how EU Member States have transposed the Representative Actions Directive (EU) 2020/1828, revealing a landscape of minimum harmonisation and significant procedural divergence. The article highlights key implications for collective redress and cross-border representative actions across the EU.

Maria José Azar-Baud
Dec 11, 2025


Reflections from Sweden: Emerging Practices and Dilemmas in European Collective Redress
On 6 november 2025, I had the occasion to participate, in Sweden, at the Emerging practices and Remaining dilemmas in European Collective redress’ vent organized by The Swedish Network for European Legal Studies Grateful thanks to Eva Storskrubb Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt for their kind invitation.

Maria José Azar-Baud
Nov 6, 2025
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